Title | n-3 Fatty acids, hypertension and risk of cognitive decline among older adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
Year of Publication | 2008 |
Authors | Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Sloane PD, Heiss G, Ibrahim J |
Journal | Public Health Nutr |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 1 |
Pagination | 17-29 |
Date Published | 2008 Jan |
ISSN | 1368-9800 |
Keywords | Aged, Atherosclerosis, Cognition Disorders, Cohort Studies, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Logistic Models, Male, Maryland, Middle Aged, Minnesota, Mississippi, Multivariate Analysis, North Carolina, Nutrition Assessment, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, United States |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE: Recent research indicates that n-3 fatty acids can inhibit cognitive decline, perhaps differentially by hypertensive status. DESIGN: We tested these hypotheses in a prospective cohort study (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities). Dietary assessment using a food-frequency questionnaire and plasma fatty acid exposure by gas chromatography were completed in 1987-1989 (visit 1), while cognitive assessment with three screening tools--the Delayed Word Recall Test, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Word Fluency Test (WFT)--was completed in 1990-1992 (visit 2) and 1996-1998 (visit 4). Regression calibration and simulation extrapolation were used to control for measurement error in dietary exposures. SETTING: Four US communities--Forsyth County (North Carolina), Jackson (Mississippi), suburbs of Minneapolis (Minnesota) and Washington County (Maryland). SUBJECTS: Men and women aged 50-65 years at visit 1 with complete dietary data (n = 7814); white men and women in same age group in the Minnesota field centre with complete plasma fatty acid data (n = 2251). RESULTS: Findings indicated that an increase of one standard deviation in dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids (% of energy intake) and balancing long-chain n-3/n-6 decreased the risk of 6-year cognitive decline in verbal fluency with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.79 (0.66-0.95) and 0.81 (0.68-0.96), respectively, among hypertensives. An interaction with hypertensive status was found for dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids (g day-1) and WFT decline (likelihood ratio test, P = 0.06). This exposure in plasma cholesteryl esters was also protective against WFT decline, particularly among hypertensives (OR = 0.51, P CONCLUSION: One implication from our study is that diets rich in fatty acids of marine origin should be considered for middle-aged hypertensive subjects. To this end, randomised clinical trials are needed. |
DOI | 10.1017/S1368980007000080 |
Alternate Journal | Public Health Nutr |
PubMed ID | 17625029 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC4863651 |
Grant List | N01HC55015 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01 HC 55019 / HC / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States Z99 AG999999 / / Intramural NIH HHS / United States N01HC55018 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01HC55022 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01 HC 55022 / HC / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01 HC 55021 / HC / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01 HC 55016 / HC / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01HC55019 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01HC55021 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01 HC 55018 / HC / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01HC55016 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01HC55020 / HL / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01 HC 55015 / HC / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States N01 HC 55020 / HC / NHLBI NIH HHS / United States |