Depression and stigma in high-risk youth living with HIV: a multi-site study.

<p><b>INTRODUCTION: </b>This study explored the relationship between depression, stigma, and risk behaviors in a multi-site study of high-risk youth living with HIV (YLH) in the United States.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>All youth met screening criteria for either problem level substance use, current sexual risk, and/or suboptimal HIV medication adherence. Problem level substance use behavior was assessed with the CRAFFT, a six-item adolescent screener. A single item was used to screen for current sexual risk and for an HIV medication adherence problem. Stigma and depression were measured via standard self-report measures.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>Multiple regression analysis revealed that behavioral infection, older age, more problem behaviors, and greater stigma each contributed to the prediction of higher depression scores in YLH. Associations between depression, stigma, and problem behaviors are discussed. More than half of the youth in this study scored at or above the clinical cut-off for depression. Results highlight the need for depression-focused risk reduction interventions that address stigma in YLH.</p><p><b>DISCUSSION: </b>Study outcomes suggest that interventions are needed to address stigma and depression, not only among youth living with HIV, but in the communities in which they live.</p>