Title | Association of higher plasma vitamin D binding protein and lower free calcitriol levels with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use and plasma and intracellular tenofovir pharmacokinetics: cause of a functional vitamin D deficiency? |
Publication Type | Publication |
Year of Publication | 2013 |
Authors | Havens PL, Kiser JJ, Stephensen CB, Hazra R, Flynn PM, Wilson CM, Rutledge B, Bethel J, Pan CG, Woodhouse LR, Van Loan MD, Liu N, Lujan-Zilbermann J, Baker A, Kapogiannis BG, Gordon CM, Mulligan K |
Corporate Authors | Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions(ATN) 063 Study Team |
Journal | Antimicrob Agents Chemother |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 11 |
Pagination | 5619-28 |
Date Published | 2013 Nov |
ISSN | 1098-6596 |
Keywords | Adenine, Adolescent, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents, Calcitriol, Calcium, Double-Blind Method, Female, Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Glomerular Filtration Rate, HIV, HIV Infections, Humans, Hypophosphatemia, Male, Organophosphonates, Parathyroid Hormone, Phosphates, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Tenofovir, Vitamin D Deficiency, Vitamin D-Binding Protein |
Abstract | <p>Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) causes bone, endocrine, and renal changes by an unknown mechanism(s). Data are limited on tenofovir pharmacokinetics and these effects. Using baseline data from a multicenter study of HIV-infected youth on stable treatment with regimens containing TDF (n = 118) or lacking TDF (n = 85), we measured cross-sectional associations of TDF use with markers of renal function, vitamin D-calcium-parathyroid hormone balance, phosphate metabolism (tubular reabsorption of phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 [FGF23]), and bone turnover. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic associations with plasma tenofovir and intracellular tenofovir diphosphate concentrations were explored among those receiving TDF. The mean age was 20.9 (standard deviation [SD], 2.0) years; 63% were male; and 52% were African American. Compared to the no-TDF group, the TDF group showed lower mean estimated glomerular filtration rates and tubular reabsorption of phosphate, as well as higher parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1,25-OH(2)D] levels. The highest quintile of plasma tenofovir concentrations was associated with higher vitamin D binding protein, lower free 1,25-OH(2)D, higher 25-OH vitamin D, and higher serum calcium. The highest quintile of intracellular tenofovir diphosphate concentration was associated with lower FGF23. Higher plasma tenofovir concentrations were associated with higher vitamin D binding protein and lower free 1,25-OH(2)D, suggesting a functional vitamin D deficiency explaining TDF-associated increased parathyroid hormone. The finding of lower FGF23 accompanying higher intracellular tenofovir diphosphate suggests that different mechanisms mediate TDF-associated changes in phosphate handling. Separate pharmacokinetic properties may be associated with distinct TDF toxicities: tenofovir with parathyroid hormone and altered calcium balance and tenofovir diphosphate with hypophosphatemia and FGF23 regulation. (The clinical trial registration number for this study is NCT00490412 and is available online at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00490412.).</p> |
DOI | 10.1128/AAC.01096-13 |
Alternate Journal | Antimicrob Agents Chemother |
PubMed ID | 24002093 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC3811269 |
Grant List | U01 HD 040533 / HD / NICHD NIH HHS / United States U01 HD040474 / HD / NICHD NIH HHS / United States U01 HD040497 / HD / NICHD NIH HHS / United States M01 RR000188 / RR / NCRR NIH HHS / United States UL1 RR024131 / RR / NCRR NIH HHS / United States M01 RR010710 / RR / NCRR NIH HHS / United States UL1 TR002319 / TR / NCATS NIH HHS / United States UL1 TR001082 / TR / NCATS NIH HHS / United States U01 HD040533 / HD / NICHD NIH HHS / United States U01 HD 040474 / HD / NICHD NIH HHS / United States UL1 RR025014 / RR / NCRR NIH HHS / United States U01 A1068632 / / PHS HHS / United States UL1 RR024134 / RR / NCRR NIH HHS / United States M01 RR020359 / RR / NCRR NIH HHS / United States |